@inbook {7706, title = {External Influence and Internal Recomposition in Taiwan{\textquoteright}s Sociolinguistic Landscape}, booktitle = {Sociolinguistique insulaire : avantages et d{\'e}savantages d{\textquoteright}{\^e}tre une {\^\i}le}, year = {2024}, pages = {95-110}, publisher = {Observatoire Europ{\'e}en du Plurilinguisme}, organization = {Observatoire Europ{\'e}en du Plurilinguisme}, abstract = {

Taiwan is an island of more than 23 million inhabitants in 2023, of diverse origins and languages. The ethno-linguistic composition and plurilingual/multilingual habits of the Taiwanese people are the result of a complex history, marked in particular by major political events in the 20th century: colonization by Japan (1895-1945), the establishment of the Republic of China government in Taiwan (1949), the first election of a Taiwan-born president (Lee Teng-hui, 1984), then of an independence-leaning president (Chen Shui-bian, 2000). These events have had an impact on the composition of the population (notably the massive arrival of Mainland Chinese in 1949), but also how Taiwanese perceive their languages, whether autochthonous or \“national\”. The insular nature of Taiwan has favored a gradual shift between two opposing dynamics, facilitated by the historical and political context mentioned above: a dynamic of importation (of language \– \“Guoyu\”; of concepts \– the \“national language\”), then a dynamic of internal recomposition (expansion of Guoyu but also of the dominant \“Taiwanese\” dialect; attention to vernacular languages; and, finally, legitimation of a plurality of \“national languages\”).This chapter examines how these two dynamics have played out in three key phases of the sociolinguistic construction of the island: the adoption of the national language since 1945, the rediscovery of Sinitic multilingualism in the 1980s, and the large-scale documentation of Austronesian languages since the 2000s, that led to their integration into an assertively multilingual landscape.

}, issn = {9782492327285}, author = {Saillard, Claire}, editor = {Djordjevic, Ksenija and Scetti, Fabio and L{\'e}onard, Jean L{\'e}o} } @conference {7788, title = {The futurity reading of hu{\`\i}: Distributional features from a corpus-based study}, year = {2024}, month = {09/2024}, address = {Universit{\`a} degli Studi, Rome}, keywords = {futurity, modality, pragmatics, semantics}, url = {https://eacl.uniroma3.it/}, author = {Sparvoli, Carlotta and Saillard, Claire} } @conference {7711, title = {Guoyu -- langue nationale. Un concept nativis{\'e} puis surpass{\'e}}, year = {2024}, month = {03/2024}, address = {INALCO, Paris}, abstract = {

Les origines du terme de guoyu 國語, ou \«\ langue nationale\ \» ne font pas actuellement l\’unanimit\é. Si Zhang (2011), citant des sources de 1631, rapporte que le terme d\ésignait sous la Dynastie des Qing la langue mandchoue par opposition au chinois, Chen (1993\ : 509) date quant \à lui \ son emprunt au Japon (o\ù le terme d\ésignait la langue japonaise) \à la toute fin de la dynastie des Qing (soit le tout d\ébut du XXe si\ècle). Il remplace alors le terme de 官話 guanhua (mandarin), lingua franca des fonctionnaires, englobant plus largement les parlers ordinaires de Chine du Nord, par opposition aux \«\ dialectes\ \» r\égionaux. Guoyu devient ensuite le terme officiel d\ésignant la langue de la R\épublique de Chine, fond\ée en 1911. Ce n\’est que dans les d\écennies suivantes que sont pleinement d\éfinies les caract\éristiques de cette langue, en termes phon\étiques, lexicaux et grammaticaux.

A Taiwan, le gouvernement nationaliste de la R\épublique de Chine promeut le guoyu d\ès 1947 comme langue officielle et nationale, avec toutes les fonctions attach\ées \à ce statut (Kubler\ 1981 ; Young\ 1987 : 58-65\ ; Peyraube 1988 : 107-109).

N\éanmoins, la langue ainsi d\ésign\ée r\épond de fait \à une vari\ét\é de noms (Mair 2013 en recense une douzaine), chacun portant une conception ou un projet politique distincts. Pour ne citer que les plus connus\ : \ putonghua 普通話 (langue commune) est adopt\é officiellement en R\épublique Populaire de Chine d\ès 1955, 華語 huayu (langue chinoise) \à Singapour en 1979 (Guo et Wang 2005) \– tandis qu\’\à Hong Kong, huayu d\ésigne la langue chinoise utilis\ée localement (une vari\ét\é du cantonais).

A Taiwan m\ême, le terme de guoyu cohabite initialement dans l\’usage avec d\’autres termes (beijinghua 北京话, voire beipinghua 北平话). Par ailleurs, la langue elle-m\ême cohabite bien \évidemment avec d\’autres langues\ : langues sinitiques\ -- taiyu/minnanyu, kejiahua\ ; langues austron\ésiennes formosanes aux appellations fluctuantes (Saillard 2000).

Dans le contexte historique et politique taiwanais des 8 derni\ères d\écennies, nous examinerons comment le terme de guoyu, de sa naissance au Japon \à son usage \à Taiwan, en passant par son premier emprunt par la Chine, a \ét\é nativis\é. Au-del\à du terme, nous nous interrogerons \également sur l\’adoption de la langue elle-m\ême par les Taiwanais.

R\éf\érences

Chen, P. \"Modern written Chinese in development.\" Language in Society 22.4 (1993) : 505-537.

郭佳,王显志 2005)新加坡华语运动的回顾与展望。长治学院学报2005年第6期。

Kubler, C.C.(1981) , The development of Mandarin in Taiwan: a case study of language contact, PhD Dissertation, Cornell University.

Mair, V. H. (2013), \"The Classification of Sinitic Languages: What Is \"Chinese\"?\", in Cao, G.; Djamouri, R.; Chappell, H.; Wiebusch, T. (eds.), Breaking Down the Barriers: Interdisciplinary Studies in Chinese Linguistics and Beyond, Beijing: Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica, pp.\ 735\–754.

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {7710, title = {Revisiting Accomplishments in Chinese}, year = {2024}, month = {07/2024}, address = {INALCO, Paris}, author = {Saillard, Claire and Sparvoli, Carlotta} } @conference {7503, title = {A sociolinguistic perspective on contact-induced language change (从社会语言学角度看语言接触引起的语言演变)}, year = {2022}, month = {03/2022}, address = {CRLAO (EHESS/CNRS), Paris}, abstract = {

In this talk, I will present concepts and models that will be used in order to better understand the sociolinguisic conditions which allowed language change in Northern China, bith historically and synchronically. I propose that these models, especially the \«\ Optimization strategies framework\ \» proposed by Muysken (2013) may allow us to bridge the gap between present-day language contact situations leading to language change in the region and documented historical changes for which we know little about the sociolinguistic situations that caused them.

在本讲座中,我将介绍一些概念和模型,以便更好地理解中国北方的社会语言条件如何使中国北方的语言在历史上和在当今时代进行演变。我建议这些模型,特别是Muysken2013)提出的 \"优化策略框架\",可以让我们弥合导致该地区语言演变的当今语言接触情况和有记录的历史语言演变之间的差距,因为我们对造成这些演变的社会语言状况知之甚少。

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {7090, title = {Aspect in Chinese: Toward a unidimensional model}, year = {2021}, month = {04/2021}, address = {Universit{\'e} Sorbonne Nouvelle}, abstract = {

The systematic study of aspect in Chinese started in the late 20th century, and due to typological considerations and to the influence of Vendler\’s (1957) seminal work, aspect in Chinese was compared to its counterpart in English, rather than Russian. Smith\’s model of aspect has also been widely used in Chinese linguistics, not the least because she herself published about aspect in Chinese (Smith 1990; 1994; 1997; Smith et Erbaugh 2005). But some linguists have argued for the specificity of Chinese regarding the expression of aspectual meaning.
Thus, in this talk, we start by reviewing works that adopt the bi-dimensional approach to aspect \– distinguishing \“situation aspect\” from \“viewpoint aspect\” (Smith 1997), while discussing the relevance of certain situation types for Chinese.
We then discuss propositions of three-dimensional models for Chinese, like Xiao and McEnery\&$\#$39;s (2004), where the analysis of situation aspect is split in two levels, to explain how aspect operates both at the lexical and the phrasal levels. Similarly, Jin (金立鑫 2008) advocates a distinction between Aktionsart (applying to lexical verbs ) and situation types (encompassing verb phrases). Such a distinction aims to disentangle what in aspectual meanings pertains to the
lexicon proper, as opposed to morphosyntax.
However, we aim to show that it is not a straightforward task, given the imbrication of the lexical and the morpho-syntactic levels as regards aspectual meaning. As exemplified in (1-3) below (examples from Lin 2004), alongside verb meaning, perfective grammatical aspect marker -le crucially contributes to the definition of situation types.
(1) State
zhe shuang xie hen po
this CL shoe very broken
This pair of shoes is lousy.


(2) State + -le \à Achievement
zhe shuang xie po-le
this CL shoe broken-PFV
This pair of shoes is worn out.


(3) Activity + [Achievement State+ -le] \à Accomplishment
zhe shuang xie chuan-po-le
this CL shoe wear-broken-PFV
This pair of shoes has been worn to tatters.


Building on the difficulty to ascertain the aspectual specifications of verbs abstracted from their morphosyntactic contexts in Chinese, we argue for a unidimensional model, ranging from the lexicon to aspectual syntax. We adopt Michaelis\&$\#$39; (2004) claims that the lexicon (verb types) and the morphosyntax (aspectual operators) basically use the same aspectual classes, the same
basic distinction obtaining at both levels. Focusing on three different aspect markers \– perfective -le, durative -zhe and progressive zai, we describe coercion as a central operation accounting for the versatility of aspectual types in Chinese.

}, keywords = {aspect, Chinese, coercion}, url = {www.aspect2021.sciencesconf.org}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {6838, title = {Aspectual coercion in Mandarin Chinese}, year = {2020}, month = {02/2020}, address = {LingLunch Paris Diderot}, abstract = {

Authors such as (Smith 1997) propose that the double articulation of Aspect in \"situation\" and \"viewpoint\" components is universal, and applies in particular to Mandarin Chinese (see also Smith 1990; 1994; Smith and Erbaugh 2005).

Jin Lixin (金立鑫2008) pleads instead for a three-tiered aspectual description for Chinese, a language where, according to him, both Aktionsart and situation types are salient and contribute to the overall aspect specification of sentences. Jin uses the concept of \“Aktionsart\” to refer to aspect qualities residing in verbs proper, and the term \“situation types\” to refer to aspectual traits of verb phrases. For him, at least two types of verbs (未实现动词 and 实现动词 ) may by themselves decide of the aspectual specification of a sentence. In all other cases, the verbs\’ Aktionsart is not salient enough and other elements such as grammatical aspect markers of various types contribute to the overall aspectual properties of the sentence.

Such an approach is precious for untangling what in aspectual meanings pertains to the lexicon proper, and what pertains to morpho-syntax. This has been a very difficult question from the start, since it could be seen even from Vendler\’s influential paper (Vendler 1957) that the distinction between inherent aspectual features of the verbs and aspectual traits brought by the verb\’s complements (as in the well-known \‘run\’ (Activity) vs. \‘run a mile\’ (Accomplishment) contrast) was difficult.

The general question then could be formulated as: where do aspectual specifications lie? How is it possible to ascertain the aspectual specifications of verbs abstracted from the morpho-syntactic contexts in which they are inserted? What is the contribution of elements such as verbal suffixes, verbal complements (such as resultative or directional complements), verbal classifiers, adverbs, etc.?

The question could be reformulated as: whether lexical verbs do have aspectual specification in Chinese; on the other hand, how much do they rely on morpho-syntax for their aspectual specification?

At the morpho-syntactic level, we want to point to the pervasiveness of coercion phenomena, as described by De Swart 1998 or Michaelis 2004 for English and French, and try to identify the principal coercion operators.

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @article {6051, title = {Adjectival Modification in Truku Seediq}, journal = {Language and Linguistics}, volume = {20}, year = {2019}, month = {october 2019}, pages = {29 p.}, chapter = {601}, abstract = {

This paper investigates the position of adjectives in noun phrases in Truku Seediq, proposing that the two documented positions correspond to different semantics as well as a difference in syntax. While post-nominal adjectives, corresponding to basic word-order in Truku Seediq, may be either restrictive or descriptive, pre-nominal adjectives, seen as an innovation, are semantically restrictive. This paper also argues for a difference in syntactic structure for both kinds of adjectives, restrictive adjectives heading their own projection while descriptive adjectives are bare adjectives standing in a closer relationship to the modified noun. This paper further identifies a syntactic constraint for pre-nominal adjectival placement that applies regardless of restrictivity of the modifier, namely the presence of a possessive clitic to the right of the modified noun. Data collection is achieved through both a traditional elicitation method and an experimental task-based method. Data are further digitalized in order to ensure systematic searchability. The data thus collected are apt to support semantic analysis as well as an investigation of age-group-related variation. It is claimed that language contact with Mandarin Chinese may be one of the triggering factors for the development of a pre-nominal position for modifying adjectives in Truku Seediq.

}, keywords = {adjectives, language contact, restrictive modification, syntactic position, Truku Seediq}, issn = {1606-822X}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5936, title = {The semantics of the syntactic position of adjectives in Truku Seediq}, year = {2017}, month = {02/2016}, address = {INaLCO-LACITO}, abstract = {

In studies on linguistic typology concerned with the relative order of nouns and adjectives (Greenberg 1963, Dixon 1977), it is usually considered that most languages have a dominant order. However, this does not prevent the relative position of nouns and adjectives from fluctuating, and in some languages, both N-Adj and Adj-N orders are attested for (some) adjectives. Truku Seediq, a Formosan Austronesian language spoken on the East Coast of Taiwan, exhibits such variation, as briefly mentioned in grammatical studies of the language. Tsukida (2005) describes this double possibility without associating it to any semantic or pragmatic difference, writing: \«\ Verbs (and nouns, too) always appear after the head noun when in modifying function, but some adjectives can appear either before or after the modified noun\ \» (2005: 296). Pecoraro (1979: 50-51) on the other hand considers this difference in syntactic position as semantically meaningful, translating Noun Phrases exhibiting the N-Adj order as definite, and NPs exhibiting the Adj-N order as indefinite.

  1. Parusapax\ \  ka \ \ \ \ \ \  sapax Diyan\ \ \  [adapted from Pecoraro, ibid.]

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  big\ \ \ \ \ \  house\  pred\ \ \  house\  Diyan

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  Diyan\’s house is a big house

  1. Sapaxparu\ \ \ \  ka\ \ \ \ \ \ \  sapax\ \  Diyan\  [adapted from Pecoraro, ibid.]

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  house\  big\ \ \ \ \ \  pred\ \ \  house\  Diyan

Diyan\’s house is the big house

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  This paper aims to question the semantic value of the pre- and post-nominal position of the adjective in Truku Seediq, based on semi-spontaneous oral data. Collected in 2014 using a task design, our data set consist of 39 dyadic interactions for a total of 10,469 words, involving 24 bilingual speakers (Truku Seediq and Mandarin Chinese). Thoroughly transcribed and annotated, these data are fully searchable with digital tools.

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  Based on careful examination of these data, we formulate two main claims. On the syntactic level, the post-nominal position of adjectives in Truku Seediq, similar to their position in closely related languages, is the unmarked one, while the pre-nominal position of adjectives is a marked innovation of Truku Seediq. Secondly, on the semantic and discourse level, we claim that (in-)definiteness of the Noun Phrase is not linked to the position of the adjective. Rather, while post-nominal adjectives have a descriptive -- or non-restrictive modification -- function, pre-nominal adjectives have a restrictive modification function (Martin 2014), as apparent from discourse stretches such as the following:

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  (3)\ \ \ \ \ \  Angal\  ka\ \ \ \ \ \ \  kingal\  pratu

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  take\ \ \ \  pred\ \ \  one\ \ \ \ \  bowl

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  pratu\ \ \  ga

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  bowl\ \ \  det

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  m-banah\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  pratu

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  af-red\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  bowl

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  Take one bowl. That bowl. The red bowl.

This finding was made possible by the dialogic and naturalistic nature of our data set, and would have been obscured by more classical elicitation procedures.

Chang, Yung-li. 2000. A reference grammar of Seediq. Taipei: Yuanliu.

(1)As opposed to Tgdaya/Paran Seediq (Chang 2006: 66, Ochiai 2015), in which only the post-nominal position is available for modifying adjectives.

(2)This data set was constructed as part of the CLAPOTY Project (Agence Nationale pour la Recherche ANR-09-JCJC-0121-01) and fieldwork was co-funded by the LabEx Empirical Foundations of Linguistics.

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {7712, title = {Contact des langues entre le chinois et le truku: quelles grammaires en contact?}, year = {2016}, month = {07/2016}, address = {INALCO, Paris}, abstract = {

Au cours de cette intervention seront pr\ésent\és des ph\énom\ènes linguistiques (doublement morphologique, variation positionnelle) dont on fait l\&$\#$39;hypoth\èse qu\&$\#$39;ils sont induits par le contact entre deux langues typologiquement distinctes, dans un contexte o\ù l\&$\#$39;une des deux langues est dominante. L\&$\#$39;ordre des mots dans les deux langues diff\érant tant au niveau de la phrase qu\&$\#$39;\à celui des syntagmes (on examinera plus particuli\èrement le domaine du syntagme nominal), les ph\énom\ènes observ\és posent la question de la compatibilit\é de grammaires en comp\étition dans un m\ême \énonc\é. On interrogera ainsi les contraintes sur le codeswitching invoqu\és par nos pr\éd\écesseurs (Woolford 1983, Myers-Scotton 1997, Auer \& Muhamedova 2005) \à la lumi\ère de ces ph\énom\ènes observ\és dans le discours mixte chinois-truku.

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5295, title = {La variation comme cons{\'e}quence du contact : le cas du truku (Taiwan)}, year = {2016}, month = {06/2016}, address = {Paris: INaLCO}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5296, title = {Positional variation of the adjective in Truku, a consequence of language contact ?}, year = {2016}, month = {05/2016}, address = {Paris : Universit{\'e} Paris Diderot}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @article {5510, title = {Shifting repertoires: migration and Chinese languages in France}, journal = {Sustainable Multilingualism}, volume = {9}, year = {2016}, month = {12/2016}, pages = {50-76}, chapter = {50}, abstract = {

This paper shows that the language repertoires of Chinese migrants to Paris, France, have been shifting in the last 15 years, due to both sociological and sociolinguistic changes that occurred since the early 2000s. On the sociological side, although migration from China to France is still ongoing, it co-occurs with the formation of a generation of ethnic Chinese children and youths born in France from migrant parents. On the sociolinguistic side, it has been shown that the equilibrium between the standard Chinese national language (Putonghua) and the local Chinese languages (fangyan or \"dialects\") was no longer that of a diglossic situation where the standard language would be excluded from the family and friends\&$\#$39; domain of interaction. The consequences of both changes were explored through a small-scale questionnaire survey addressed to ethnic Chinese children and youths in Paris. These recent data were compared with similar data gathered in 2000, thus pointing to a real shift in language repertoires among Chinese migrants to France. The study ends by considering some implications of our findings for heritage language teaching.

}, issn = {2335-2019 (print); 2335-2027 (online)}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.7220/2335-2027.9.3}, url = {http://uki.vdu.lt/sm/index.php/sm}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5298, title = {Is there a continuum from demonstrative to definite and beyond~? The case of nage 那個 in spoken discourse}, year = {2016}, month = {03/2016}, address = {Shanghai: Shanghai Normal University}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5297, title = {Variation as a contact-induced phenomenon. The case of Truku (Taiwan)}, year = {2016}, month = {04/2016}, address = {Chiayi, Taiwan: National Chung-Cheng University}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @inbook {488, title = {Austronesian languages of China}, booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics}, year = {2015}, pages = {9}, publisher = {Brill}, organization = {Brill}, issn = {9789004186439}, url = {http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-chinese-language-and-linguistics/austronesian-languages-COM_00000029}, author = {Saillard, Claire}, editor = {Handel, Zev and Sybesma, Rint} } @conference {5300, title = {Definiteness in the noun phrase. Realizations in first and second languages~}, year = {2015}, month = {06/2015}, address = {Paris : Universit{\'e} Paris Diderot}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5299, title = {Determiner doubling in Truku-Chinese mixed discourse. How variation in contact varieties licences double syntactic positions}, year = {2015}, month = {09/2015}, address = {CNRS Villejuif}, author = {Saillard, Claire and Nowbucyang, Lowking} } @inbook {4038, title = {Present tense as a neutral form in the L2 French of Chinese L1 speakers}, booktitle = {The Acquisition of the Present}, year = {2015}, pages = {253-288}, publisher = {John Benjamins}, organization = {John Benjamins}, edition = {D. Ayoun}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {

This chapter illustrates the claim that, while acquiring French as a second language, Chinese L1 speakers may face a double challenge stemming from their previous experience of a language without grammatical tense. For these learners, the process of ascertaining the temporal value of French tenses as well as their aspectual values may be hindered by negative transfer from the L1. Taking the French present tense as an illustration, we evidence that Chinese L1 speakers view this tense as a temporally and aspectually neutral form. In order to support this claim, this chapter starts with a brief description of the tense-aspect system of French and Mandarin Chinese is given, highlighting the main differences between them. This contrastive description is followed by analyses and results from of a study based on data collected from blogs written in French by Chinese university students in China. Narrative stretches relating to past situations are extracted from the blogs and analyzed for verbal tense and other temporal marks. We claim that in many cases, French present tense is used as a neutral form by Chinese L1 speakers, rather than being a default or \‘base\’ form typical of lower L2 proficiency. First, state verbs are typically incompatible with aspectual marking in Chinese, and Chinese learners prefer using the present tense when referring to past states in L2 French, instead of the canonical but aspectually marked imparfait tense form. Second, use of the present tense to describe a past situation in L2 French can be triggered when the translation equivalent in L1 Chinese is not a verb and involves no aspectual or temporal specification. Third, in the case of process verbs (verbs encompassing a Source Phase and a Target Phase), use of the present tense is intended to focus on the stative resultative Target Phase only, this phase being prominent in the L1. This phenomenon further shows that Chinese learners fail to grasp the aspectual peculiarities of the French deictic present tense. The chapter ends with a discussion of the results weighing the explicative power of the transfer hypothesis as opposed to universalist hypotheses.

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5302, title = {Contact, variation, changement~: le cas du contact du truku et du chinois {\`a} Taiwan~}, year = {2014}, month = {03/2014}, address = {Paris : Universit{\'e} Paris Diderot}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5301, title = {De l{\textquoteright}aspect au temps. Expression de la temporalit{\'e} et de l{\textquoteright}aspectualit{\'e} en fran{\c c}ais L2 par des apprenants sinophones~}, year = {2014}, month = {05/2014}, address = {Montpellier : Universit{\'e} Paul Val{\'e}ry}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @inproceedings {4809, title = {The Disfluency, Exclamation and Laughter in Dialogue (DUEL) Project}, year = {2014}, pages = {176{\textendash}178}, author = {Jonathan Ginzburg and Ye Tian and Pascal Amsili and Claire Beyssade and Barbara Hemforth and Yvette Yannick Mathieu and Saillard, Claire and Julian Hough and Kousidis, Spyridon and David Schlangen} } @article {4037, title = {From demonstrative to definite and beyond: the case of nage 那個 in spoken Taiwan Mandarin}, journal = {Faits de Langue}, volume = {43}, year = {2014}, pages = {41-60}, abstract = {

When demonstrative pronouns undergo grammaticalization, they have regularly been shown to evolve into definite or specific articles (Lehmann 2002, De Mulder \& Carlier 2001). In a synchronic perspective, it has also been shown that for some languages, demonstrative determiners are not restricted to deictic or anaphoric functions, but may extend their uses to definite or indefinite determination.

In modern standard Chinese (putonghua 普通话 in China, guoyu 國語 in Taiwan)2, there is no acknowledged \‘article\’ among the inventory of parts of speech. Instead, there exists a pair of demonstratives, zhe 這 being the proximal form and na 那 the distal form. Both can be used as determiners in association with classifiers. Depending on which spoken variety is studied, various semantic and pragmatic extensions of the demonstratives have been described.

In this paper, we examine the case of distal demonstrative na 那, particularly when combined with classifier ge 個. We aim to show that its different uses, as described by Huang 1999 and found in our own corpus, pertain to a single semantic-pragmatic continuum. We then propose a set of criteria allowing to discriminate between all these uses in spoken data, revealing fuzzy zones where the distal demonstrative is either ambiguous or may have several values, as may well be the case in a situation of language variation.

***

Les cas de grammaticalisation de pronoms d\émonstratifs donnant naissance \à des articles d\éfinis sont bien document\és (Lehmann 2002, De Mulder et Carlier 2011). Dans une vision synchronique des choses, il a \ét\é not\é que les d\éterminants d\émonstratifs ne se restreignaient pas \à la fonction d\éictique ou anaphorique, mais pouvaient avoir d\’autres emplois qui, selon les langues, allaient du d\éfini \à l\’ind\éfini.

En chinois standard moderne (putonghua 普通话 en Chine, guoyu 國語 \à Taiwan), l\’inventaire des d\éterminants du nom ne fait pas \état d\’articles, mais il existe une paire de d\émonstratifs zhe 這 (proximal) et na 那 (distal) qui peuvent \être utilis\és comme d\éterminants en association avec des classificateurs. Selon les vari\ét\és orales \étudi\ées, diverses constatations ont \ét\é faites concernant l\’extension s\émantique et pragmatique de ces d\émonstratifs.

Dans cet article, nous nous int\éressons au cas du distal na 那, et plus particuli\èrement la combinaison d\émonstratif + classificateur nage 那個. Nous montrons en quoi ses diff\érentes valeurs, telles que relev\ées dans des corpus d\’interactions orales spontan\ées (Huang 1999 puis nos propres corpus), peuvent \être consid\ér\ées comme faisant partie d\’un continuum s\émantico-pragmatique. Nous proposons ensuite des crit\ères permettant de discriminer entre les divers usages de nage 那個 dans les interactions orales, r\év\élant \également des zones d\’incertitude ou de pluralit\é des fonctions, typiques d\’une situation de variation.

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5306, title = {Code switching between Mandarin Chinese and Taroko: How do we account for doubling in mixed DPs}, year = {2013}, month = {02/2013}, address = {Paris : Universit{\'e} Paris Diderot}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5307, title = {Codeswitching between Mandarin Chinese and Taroko: demonstrative, numeral and possessive determiners~}, year = {2013}, month = {02/2013}, address = {SeDyl, CNRS Villejuif}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5304, title = {A comprehensive semantic account of the functions of nage 那个 in spoken Taiwan Mandarin~}, year = {2013}, month = {06/2013}, address = {Ann Arbor : University of Michigan}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5303, title = {A corpus-driven approach to the grammatical and discursive functions of nage 那个/zhege 这个 in spoken Taiwan Mandarin~}, year = {2013}, month = {09/2013}, address = {Paris : CRLAO/EHESS}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @inbook {664, title = {Les langues chinoises en France : l{\textquoteright}exemple de la migration Wenzhou}, booktitle = {Histoire sociale des langues de France}, year = {2013}, pages = {891-899}, author = {Boutet, Josiane and Saillard, Claire}, editor = {Kremnitz, Georg} } @conference {5305, title = {Utilisation du Pass{\'e} Compos{\'e} comme mise en relief dans les lectes d{\textquoteright}apprenants chinois de FLE}, year = {2013}, month = {06/2013}, address = {Universit{\'e} de Perpignan}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @article {668, title = {Valeurs temporelle et modale du conditionnel dans une langue sans flexion verbale : l{\textquoteright}exemple du chinois}, journal = {Faits de langue}, volume = {40}, year = {2012}, chapter = {125-132}, abstract = {

Dans son introduction \à la collection d\’articles intitul\ée \« Les probl\èmes linguistiques du conditionnel fran\çais \», Dendale (2001 : 16) conclut par l\’int\ér\êt d\’adopter une approche contrastive du conditionnel, en prenant en compte non seulement les langues romanes, proches du fran\çais, mais aussi des langues tr\ès diff\érentes en termes de syst\ème temporel. Il s\’interroge ainsi : \« Que doit-on dire des langues qui ne connaissent pas la concordance des temps et qui ne connaissent donc pas de conditionnel temporel comme en fran\çais ? Peut-on dire qu\’elles aussi ont un conditionnel ou doit-on dire justement que seules elles ont un conditionnel ? \»

Dans une langue comme le chinois standard (pǔtonghu\à), qui n\’a pas de temps ni de modes verbaux, on se pose la question de savoir s\’il existe des \él\éments aptes \à v\éhiculer les deux principaux sens \– temporel et modal \– du conditionnel tel qu\’il existe dans les langues romanes.

En chinois, la temporalit\é est g\én\éralement assum\ée par les adverbiaux temporels, et de mani\ère secondaire, par l\’interpr\étation temporelle d\ériv\ée des valeurs aspectuelles de l\’\énonc\é (Saillard 2009). La modalit\é est quant \à elle prise en charge par des verbes dits modaux (Alleton 1983, Hsieh 2005). Par cons\équent, on ne s\’attend pas \à ce qu\’un \él\ément unique puisse prendre en charge ce que Dendale (2001 : 9) consid\ère comme les \“emplois canoniques de base\” du conditionnel en fran\çais : sa valeur temporelle d\’ult\ériorit\é et sa valeur modale d\’\éventualit\é. On peut aussi se demander si les trois principales valeurs modales identifi\ées par Dendale (Loc. Cit.) pour le conditionnel fran\çais \– \éventualit\é, emprunt et att\énuation \– sont ou non prises en charge par le m\ême \él\ément en chinois.

Dans cet article, nous montrons que le modal 会 hu\ì\ couvre non seulement un certain nombre des usages modaux du conditionnel, mais aussi sa valeur temporelle d\’ult\ériorit\é.

Apr\ès avoir d\étaill\é\ les valeurs temporelle et modale de 会 hu\ì, et les conditions sous lesquelles elles se r\éalisent dans les \énonc\és, nous nous interrogeons sur les propri\ét\és s\émantiques qui permettent \à 会 hu\ì de couvrir sp\écifiquement cette gamme d\’emplois.

}, author = {Saillard, Claire and Xiuwen Chen} } @conference {5309, title = {Chinese as a rising global language in France and its repercussions on Chinese migrants}, year = {2011}, month = {04/2011}, address = {University of Maryland}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @article {486, title = {L{\textquoteright}interpr{\'e}tation temporelle des subordonn{\'e}es relatives en chinois standard : contribution de l{\textquoteright}aspect lexical}, journal = {Cahiers de Linguistique d{\textquoteright}Asie Orientale}, volume = {40}, year = {2011}, month = {2011}, pages = {3-31}, chapter = {3}, abstract = {

Cet article explore l\’interpr\étation temporelle d\’une classe de propositions relatives en chinois \à partir des informations aspectuelles \— aspect lexical et aspect grammatical \— disponibles tant dans les subordonn\ées que dans les propositions principales. Nous y montrons l\’interd\épendance entre type d\’intervalle temporel d\éfini dans la proposition principale et aspect lexical du pr\édicat de la proposition relative. Nous y exposons sous quelles conditions l\’interpr\étation temporelle d\’une proposition relative est d\épendante ou non des propri\ét\és aspecto-temporelles de la proposition principale.

In this article, we explore temporal interpretation of a class of relative clauses in Chinese, based on the (lexical and grammatical) aspectual information of both relative clause and matrix clause predicates. We aim to show that there is a dependency relation between the type of temporal interval defined by the main clause predicate and lexical aspect of the relative clause predicate. We define the conditions under which temporal interpretation of a relative clause does or doesn\’t depend on aspectual and temporal properties of the matrix clause.

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5308, title = {Prospective aspect in Mandarin Chinese, on the aspectual value of modals y{\`a}o and hu{\`\i}}, year = {2011}, month = {09/2011}, address = {Venice : Universita Ca{\textquoteright} Foscari}, author = {Xiuwen Chen and Saillard, Claire} } @inbook {666, title = {L{\textquoteright}atayal}, booktitle = {Dictionnaire des langues}, series = {Quadrige}, year = {2010}, pages = {9}, publisher = {Presses Universitaires de France}, organization = {Presses Universitaires de France}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {978-2-13-056914-5}, author = {Saillard, Claire}, editor = {Alain Peyraube and Busuttil, Jo{\"e}lle and Bonvini, Emilio} } @conference {5310, title = {L{\textquoteright}interpr{\'e}tation temporelle des subordonn{\'e}es relatives en chinois standard}, year = {2010}, month = {07/2010}, address = {Paris : EHESS}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @inbook {490, title = {Le rukai}, booktitle = {Dictionnaire des langues}, series = {Quadrige}, year = {2010}, pages = {9}, publisher = {Presses Universitaires de France}, organization = {Presses Universitaires de France}, edition = {2010}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {978-2-13-056914-5}, author = {Saillard, Claire}, editor = {Alain Peyraube and Busuttil, Jo{\"e}lle and Bonvini, Emilio} } @inbook {667, title = {Les langues austron{\'e}siennes}, booktitle = {Dictionnaire des langues}, series = {Quadrige}, year = {2010}, pages = {8}, publisher = {Presses Universitaires de France}, organization = {Presses Universitaires de France}, edition = {2010}, address = {Paris}, isbn = {978-2-13-056914-5}, author = {Saillard, Claire}, editor = {Alain Peyraube and Busuttil, Jo{\"e}lle and Bonvini, Emilio} } @article {665, title = {Construction des r{\'e}pertoires langagiers dans la migration Wenzhou (Chine) {\`a} Paris}, journal = {Cahiers de l{\textquoteright}Observatoire des pratiques linguistiques}, volume = {2}, year = {2008}, month = {2008}, pages = {6}, chapter = {72}, author = {Saillard, Claire and Boutet, Josiane} } @inbook {7548, title = {Working out languages: An interactionist analysis of vitality issues for Taiwanese Austronesian languages}, booktitle = {Streams Converging into an Ocean: Festschrift in Honor of Professor Paul Jen-Kuei Li on His 70th Birthday}, volume = {W5}, number = {Language and Linguistics Monograph Series}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Academia Sinica}, organization = {Academia Sinica}, address = {Taipei}, abstract = {

Claire Saillard

UFR Linguistique

Universit\é Paris 7, France

Working out languages:

An interactionist analysis of vitality issues for Taiwanese Austronesian languages

Abstract

This article presents the results of a field research in interactionist sociolinguistics conducted in Hualien. Through the description of multilingual strategies in face-to-face interactions between Austronesian language speakers and their co-workers in two given professional settings, the research aimed to answer the question of vitality of Austronesian languages in a multiethnic society like Taiwan. It was found that, although the workplaces investigated were favorable to the use of Austronesian languages both for professional and extra-professional purposes, Austronesian languages were not the preferred choice of the Aborigine workers. The prevalence of standard Chinese was made quite clear whenever the speakers mastered this language sufficiently. Other non-official languages, such as Japanese and Minnan Chinese, were found to fulfill some unexpected social functions. An investigation of language attitudes as indicated by the names given to Austronesian languages corroborated the feeling of linguistic insecurity exhibited by the Aborigine speakers\’ language choices. The article ends with some perspectives on the future of Taiwanese Austronesian languages in a changing society.

Keywords : Interactionist sociolinguistics, Taiwanese Austronesian languages, language choice, language vitality, functions of languages.

}, isbn = {978-986-00-6784-2}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @inbook {4040, title = {On the promotion of Putonghua in China: how a standard language becomes a vernacular}, booktitle = {Language Policy in the People{\textquoteright}s Republic of China}, year = {2004}, pages = {163-176}, publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers}, address = {New York}, issn = {1-4020-8038-7}, author = {Saillard, Claire and Zhou, Minglang and Sun, Hongkai} } @inbook {4041, title = {Rukai Maga dialect: morphology and syntax}, booktitle = {The Formosan languages of Kaohsiung Hsien}, year = {1997}, pages = {8-118}, address = {Kaohsiung}, issn = {957-00-8733-1}, author = {Saillard, Claire} }