@conference {7503, title = {A sociolinguistic perspective on contact-induced language change (从社会语言学角度看语言接触引起的语言演变)}, year = {2022}, month = {03/2022}, address = {CRLAO (EHESS/CNRS), Paris}, abstract = {

In this talk, I will present concepts and models that will be used in order to better understand the sociolinguisic conditions which allowed language change in Northern China, bith historically and synchronically. I propose that these models, especially the \«\ Optimization strategies framework\ \» proposed by Muysken (2013) may allow us to bridge the gap between present-day language contact situations leading to language change in the region and documented historical changes for which we know little about the sociolinguistic situations that caused them.

在本讲座中,我将介绍一些概念和模型,以便更好地理解中国北方的社会语言条件如何使中国北方的语言在历史上和在当今时代进行演变。我建议这些模型,特别是Muysken2013)提出的 \"优化策略框架\",可以让我们弥合导致该地区语言演变的当今语言接触情况和有记录的历史语言演变之间的差距,因为我们对造成这些演变的社会语言状况知之甚少。

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {7090, title = {Aspect in Chinese: Toward a unidimensional model}, year = {2021}, month = {04/2021}, address = {Universit{\'e} Sorbonne Nouvelle}, abstract = {

The systematic study of aspect in Chinese started in the late 20th century, and due to typological considerations and to the influence of Vendler\’s (1957) seminal work, aspect in Chinese was compared to its counterpart in English, rather than Russian. Smith\’s model of aspect has also been widely used in Chinese linguistics, not the least because she herself published about aspect in Chinese (Smith 1990; 1994; 1997; Smith et Erbaugh 2005). But some linguists have argued for the specificity of Chinese regarding the expression of aspectual meaning.
Thus, in this talk, we start by reviewing works that adopt the bi-dimensional approach to aspect \– distinguishing \“situation aspect\” from \“viewpoint aspect\” (Smith 1997), while discussing the relevance of certain situation types for Chinese.
We then discuss propositions of three-dimensional models for Chinese, like Xiao and McEnery\&$\#$39;s (2004), where the analysis of situation aspect is split in two levels, to explain how aspect operates both at the lexical and the phrasal levels. Similarly, Jin (金立鑫 2008) advocates a distinction between Aktionsart (applying to lexical verbs ) and situation types (encompassing verb phrases). Such a distinction aims to disentangle what in aspectual meanings pertains to the
lexicon proper, as opposed to morphosyntax.
However, we aim to show that it is not a straightforward task, given the imbrication of the lexical and the morpho-syntactic levels as regards aspectual meaning. As exemplified in (1-3) below (examples from Lin 2004), alongside verb meaning, perfective grammatical aspect marker -le crucially contributes to the definition of situation types.
(1) State
zhe shuang xie hen po
this CL shoe very broken
This pair of shoes is lousy.


(2) State + -le \à Achievement
zhe shuang xie po-le
this CL shoe broken-PFV
This pair of shoes is worn out.


(3) Activity + [Achievement State+ -le] \à Accomplishment
zhe shuang xie chuan-po-le
this CL shoe wear-broken-PFV
This pair of shoes has been worn to tatters.


Building on the difficulty to ascertain the aspectual specifications of verbs abstracted from their morphosyntactic contexts in Chinese, we argue for a unidimensional model, ranging from the lexicon to aspectual syntax. We adopt Michaelis\&$\#$39; (2004) claims that the lexicon (verb types) and the morphosyntax (aspectual operators) basically use the same aspectual classes, the same
basic distinction obtaining at both levels. Focusing on three different aspect markers \– perfective -le, durative -zhe and progressive zai, we describe coercion as a central operation accounting for the versatility of aspectual types in Chinese.

}, keywords = {aspect, Chinese, coercion}, url = {www.aspect2021.sciencesconf.org}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {6838, title = {Aspectual coercion in Mandarin Chinese}, year = {2020}, month = {02/2020}, address = {LingLunch Paris Diderot}, abstract = {

Authors such as (Smith 1997) propose that the double articulation of Aspect in \"situation\" and \"viewpoint\" components is universal, and applies in particular to Mandarin Chinese (see also Smith 1990; 1994; Smith and Erbaugh 2005).

Jin Lixin (金立鑫2008) pleads instead for a three-tiered aspectual description for Chinese, a language where, according to him, both Aktionsart and situation types are salient and contribute to the overall aspect specification of sentences. Jin uses the concept of \“Aktionsart\” to refer to aspect qualities residing in verbs proper, and the term \“situation types\” to refer to aspectual traits of verb phrases. For him, at least two types of verbs (未实现动词 and 实现动词 ) may by themselves decide of the aspectual specification of a sentence. In all other cases, the verbs\’ Aktionsart is not salient enough and other elements such as grammatical aspect markers of various types contribute to the overall aspectual properties of the sentence.

Such an approach is precious for untangling what in aspectual meanings pertains to the lexicon proper, and what pertains to morpho-syntax. This has been a very difficult question from the start, since it could be seen even from Vendler\’s influential paper (Vendler 1957) that the distinction between inherent aspectual features of the verbs and aspectual traits brought by the verb\’s complements (as in the well-known \‘run\’ (Activity) vs. \‘run a mile\’ (Accomplishment) contrast) was difficult.

The general question then could be formulated as: where do aspectual specifications lie? How is it possible to ascertain the aspectual specifications of verbs abstracted from the morpho-syntactic contexts in which they are inserted? What is the contribution of elements such as verbal suffixes, verbal complements (such as resultative or directional complements), verbal classifiers, adverbs, etc.?

The question could be reformulated as: whether lexical verbs do have aspectual specification in Chinese; on the other hand, how much do they rely on morpho-syntax for their aspectual specification?

At the morpho-syntactic level, we want to point to the pervasiveness of coercion phenomena, as described by De Swart 1998 or Michaelis 2004 for English and French, and try to identify the principal coercion operators.

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5936, title = {The semantics of the syntactic position of adjectives in Truku Seediq}, year = {2017}, month = {02/2016}, address = {INaLCO-LACITO}, abstract = {

In studies on linguistic typology concerned with the relative order of nouns and adjectives (Greenberg 1963, Dixon 1977), it is usually considered that most languages have a dominant order. However, this does not prevent the relative position of nouns and adjectives from fluctuating, and in some languages, both N-Adj and Adj-N orders are attested for (some) adjectives. Truku Seediq, a Formosan Austronesian language spoken on the East Coast of Taiwan, exhibits such variation, as briefly mentioned in grammatical studies of the language. Tsukida (2005) describes this double possibility without associating it to any semantic or pragmatic difference, writing: \«\ Verbs (and nouns, too) always appear after the head noun when in modifying function, but some adjectives can appear either before or after the modified noun\ \» (2005: 296). Pecoraro (1979: 50-51) on the other hand considers this difference in syntactic position as semantically meaningful, translating Noun Phrases exhibiting the N-Adj order as definite, and NPs exhibiting the Adj-N order as indefinite.

  1. Parusapax\ \  ka \ \ \ \ \ \  sapax Diyan\ \ \  [adapted from Pecoraro, ibid.]

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  big\ \ \ \ \ \  house\  pred\ \ \  house\  Diyan

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  Diyan\’s house is a big house

  1. Sapaxparu\ \ \ \  ka\ \ \ \ \ \ \  sapax\ \  Diyan\  [adapted from Pecoraro, ibid.]

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  house\  big\ \ \ \ \ \  pred\ \ \  house\  Diyan

Diyan\’s house is the big house

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  This paper aims to question the semantic value of the pre- and post-nominal position of the adjective in Truku Seediq, based on semi-spontaneous oral data. Collected in 2014 using a task design, our data set consist of 39 dyadic interactions for a total of 10,469 words, involving 24 bilingual speakers (Truku Seediq and Mandarin Chinese). Thoroughly transcribed and annotated, these data are fully searchable with digital tools.

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  Based on careful examination of these data, we formulate two main claims. On the syntactic level, the post-nominal position of adjectives in Truku Seediq, similar to their position in closely related languages, is the unmarked one, while the pre-nominal position of adjectives is a marked innovation of Truku Seediq. Secondly, on the semantic and discourse level, we claim that (in-)definiteness of the Noun Phrase is not linked to the position of the adjective. Rather, while post-nominal adjectives have a descriptive -- or non-restrictive modification -- function, pre-nominal adjectives have a restrictive modification function (Martin 2014), as apparent from discourse stretches such as the following:

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  (3)\ \ \ \ \ \  Angal\  ka\ \ \ \ \ \ \  kingal\  pratu

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  take\ \ \ \  pred\ \ \  one\ \ \ \ \  bowl

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  pratu\ \ \  ga

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  bowl\ \ \  det

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  m-banah\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  pratu

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  af-red\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  bowl

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  Take one bowl. That bowl. The red bowl.

This finding was made possible by the dialogic and naturalistic nature of our data set, and would have been obscured by more classical elicitation procedures.

Chang, Yung-li. 2000. A reference grammar of Seediq. Taipei: Yuanliu.

(1)As opposed to Tgdaya/Paran Seediq (Chang 2006: 66, Ochiai 2015), in which only the post-nominal position is available for modifying adjectives.

(2)This data set was constructed as part of the CLAPOTY Project (Agence Nationale pour la Recherche ANR-09-JCJC-0121-01) and fieldwork was co-funded by the LabEx Empirical Foundations of Linguistics.

}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5295, title = {La variation comme cons{\'e}quence du contact : le cas du truku (Taiwan)}, year = {2016}, month = {06/2016}, address = {Paris: INaLCO}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5296, title = {Positional variation of the adjective in Truku, a consequence of language contact ?}, year = {2016}, month = {05/2016}, address = {Paris : Universit{\'e} Paris Diderot}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5298, title = {Is there a continuum from demonstrative to definite and beyond~? The case of nage 那個 in spoken discourse}, year = {2016}, month = {03/2016}, address = {Shanghai: Shanghai Normal University}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5297, title = {Variation as a contact-induced phenomenon. The case of Truku (Taiwan)}, year = {2016}, month = {04/2016}, address = {Chiayi, Taiwan: National Chung-Cheng University}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5300, title = {Definiteness in the noun phrase. Realizations in first and second languages~}, year = {2015}, month = {06/2015}, address = {Paris : Universit{\'e} Paris Diderot}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5299, title = {Determiner doubling in Truku-Chinese mixed discourse. How variation in contact varieties licences double syntactic positions}, year = {2015}, month = {09/2015}, address = {CNRS Villejuif}, author = {Saillard, Claire and Nowbucyang, Lowking} } @conference {5302, title = {Contact, variation, changement~: le cas du contact du truku et du chinois {\`a} Taiwan~}, year = {2014}, month = {03/2014}, address = {Paris : Universit{\'e} Paris Diderot}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5301, title = {De l{\textquoteright}aspect au temps. Expression de la temporalit{\'e} et de l{\textquoteright}aspectualit{\'e} en fran{\c c}ais L2 par des apprenants sinophones~}, year = {2014}, month = {05/2014}, address = {Montpellier : Universit{\'e} Paul Val{\'e}ry}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5306, title = {Code switching between Mandarin Chinese and Taroko: How do we account for doubling in mixed DPs}, year = {2013}, month = {02/2013}, address = {Paris : Universit{\'e} Paris Diderot}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5307, title = {Codeswitching between Mandarin Chinese and Taroko: demonstrative, numeral and possessive determiners~}, year = {2013}, month = {02/2013}, address = {SeDyl, CNRS Villejuif}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5304, title = {A comprehensive semantic account of the functions of nage 那个 in spoken Taiwan Mandarin~}, year = {2013}, month = {06/2013}, address = {Ann Arbor : University of Michigan}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5303, title = {A corpus-driven approach to the grammatical and discursive functions of nage 那个/zhege 这个 in spoken Taiwan Mandarin~}, year = {2013}, month = {09/2013}, address = {Paris : CRLAO/EHESS}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5305, title = {Utilisation du Pass{\'e} Compos{\'e} comme mise en relief dans les lectes d{\textquoteright}apprenants chinois de FLE}, year = {2013}, month = {06/2013}, address = {Universit{\'e} de Perpignan}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5309, title = {Chinese as a rising global language in France and its repercussions on Chinese migrants}, year = {2011}, month = {04/2011}, address = {University of Maryland}, author = {Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5308, title = {Prospective aspect in Mandarin Chinese, on the aspectual value of modals y{\`a}o and hu{\`\i}}, year = {2011}, month = {09/2011}, address = {Venice : Universita Ca{\textquoteright} Foscari}, author = {Xiuwen Chen and Saillard, Claire} } @conference {5310, title = {L{\textquoteright}interpr{\'e}tation temporelle des subordonn{\'e}es relatives en chinois standard}, year = {2010}, month = {07/2010}, address = {Paris : EHESS}, author = {Saillard, Claire} }